نویسنده: American-English File
مترجم: رؤیا کریمی جنابی
زمان گذشته استمراری: was/ were+ verb+ -ing
- At 8:45 last Saturday I was working in my office.
- I wasn't doing anything important.
- My friends were having breakfast. They weren't working.
A: Was it raining when you got up? B: No, it wasn't.
A: What were you doing at 11 o'clock last night? B: I was watching TV.
| were working. |
you/ we/ they |
was working. |
I/ he/ she/ it |
+ |
| weren't working. |
you/ we/ they |
wasn't working. |
I/ he/ she/ it |
- |
| Yes, he was. / No, he wasn't. |
Was he working? |
(?) (+) (-) |
| Yes, they were. / No, they weren't. |
Were they working? |
• برای بیان کاری که به طور مستمر در زمان مشخصی در گذشته انجام گرفته است، از گذشته استمراری استفاده میکنیم.
• اغلب اوقات برای بیان موقعیتی در ابتدای قصه یا داستان از این زمان استفاده میکنیم.
گذشته ساده یا گذشته استمراری
I was working in my office when the boss walked in.
I was having lunch when my sister arrived.
• از زمان گذشته ساده برای بیان کاری که در گذشته به پایان رسیده است استفاده میکنیم.
• از گذشته استمراری برای بیان کاری که همزمان یا قبل از کاری در حال انجام است که در زمان گذشته ساده اتفاق افتاده است.
زمان گذشته کامل
(+) When I woke up the yard was all white.
It had snowed during the night.
I suddenly realized that I'd left my cell phone in the taxi.
(-) We got the home just in time—the game hadn't started.
When she got to class, she realized that she hadn't brought her book.
(?) A: I went to new York City last weekend. I really loved it.
B: Had you been there before?
A: no, I hadn't.
• هرگاه بخواهیم در باره ی کاری در گذشته صحبت کنیم وهمچنین بخواهیم در باره ی کاری صحبت کنیم که در زمان عقب تری صورت گرفته است، از گذشته کامل استفاده می کنیم:
When I woke up the yard was all white. It had snowed during the night. = it snowed before I woke up.
• زمان گذشته کامل به این صورت ساخته می شود: had/ hadn’t+ past participant .
• شکل گذشته کامل برای تمام اشخاص یکسان است.
• had بعضی اوقات به صورت مختصر(‘d) به کار می رود.
had or would
حواستان باشد ‘d هم می تواند مخفف had باشد و هم مخفف would:
I didn’t know that you’d found a new job. (‘d= had)
If you went by taxi, you’d get there more quickly. (‘d= would)
ترجمه شده از 2 American-English File Student Book
رجوع شود به دروس گذشته ساده و حال کامل.